Kudingeka ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-citric acid kuma-e-liquid ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ikhono layo lokwakha ama-anhydride angaba yingozi emisipheni.
I-citric acid ivela ngokwemvelo emzimbeni futhi "ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile" e-United States ukuze isetshenziswe emikhiqizweni ephefumulwa ngemithi. Kodwa-ke, ukubola kwe-citric acid ngokushisa kungenzeka emazingeni okushisa okusebenza kwamanye amadivayisi okufutha. Cishe ngo-175-203°C, i-citric acid ingabola ukuze yakhe i-citraconic anhydride kanye ne-isomerec itaconic anhydride yayo.
Lawa ma-anhydride ayizinto ezithinta ukuphefumula—amakhemikhali, lapho ephefumulwa, angabangela ukusabela kokungezwani komzimba okusukela ezimpawini zomkhuhlane we-hay kuya ekushaqekeni kwe-anaphylactic.
Ososayensi begwayi baseBrithani baseMelika basebenzise i-gas chromatography ehlanganiswe ne-time-of-flight mass spectrometry ukuhlaziya umhwamuko okhiqizwayo lapho i-e-liquid equkethe i-citric acid ishiswa kudivayisi yokufutha. Idivayisi esetshenzisiwe kwakuyigwayi kagesi yesizukulwane sokuqala (njengogwayi). Ososayensi bakwazile ukulinganisa inani elikhulu le-anhydride emhwamukweni.
Imiphumela yethulwe namuhla emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-Nicotine and Tobacco Research Association eFlorence, e-Italy.
"I-citric acid ku-e-liquid ingaholela emazingeni aphezulu e-citraconia kanye/noma i-itaconic anhydride entuthwini, kuye ngokuthi idivayisi isetshenziswa kanjani," kusho uDkt. Sandra Costigan, i-Chief Toxicologist kwa-Vaping Products.
“Kodwa-ke, sikholelwa ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinongo futhi sisuse ezinye izinongo emikhiqizweni yethu.” kuhlolwe ngaphambi kokuba uwoyela uthengiswe,” kusho uCostigan.
Abaningi emphakathini wezempilo yomphakathi bakholelwa ukuthi ugwayi kagesi unamandla amakhulu okunciphisa umthelela wokubhema empilweni yomphakathi. I-Public Health England, i-ejensi ephethe uMnyango Wezempilo wase-UK, isanda kukhipha umbiko othi ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kagesi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuphephile ngo-95% kunokubhema ugwayi. I-Royal College of Physicians ithe umphakathi ungaqiniseka ukuthi ugwayi kagesi uphephile kakhulu kunokubhema futhi kufanele ukhuthazwe kabanzi njengendlela ehlukile yokubhema ugwayi.
Uma uhlangabezana nokubhala iphutha, ukungalungi, noma ungathanda ukuhambisa isicelo sokuhlela okuqukethwe kwaleli khasi, sicela usebenzise leli fomu. Ngemibuzo ejwayelekile, sicela usebenzise ifomu lethu lokuxhumana. Ukuze uthole impendulo ejwayelekile, sicela usebenzise isigaba sokuphawula komphakathi esingezansi (sicela izincomo).
Impendulo yakho ibaluleke kakhulu kithi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi bemiyalezo, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa izimpendulo ngazinye.
Ikheli lakho le-imeyili lisetshenziselwa kuphela ukwazisa abamukeli ukuthi ngubani othumele i-imeyili. Ikheli lakho noma ikheli lomamukeli ngeke lisetshenziswe nganoma iyiphi enye injongo. Ulwazi olufakile luzovela ku-imeyili yakho futhi ngeke lugcinwe yi-Medical Xpress nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Thola izibuyekezo zamasonto onke kanye/noma zansuku zonke ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo. Ungazikhipha ohlwini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi ngeke sabelane ngemininingwane yakho nabantu besithathu.
Le webhusayithi isebenzisa amakhukhi ukuze kube lula ukuzulazula, ukuhlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwakho kwezinsizakalo zethu, ukuqoqa idatha ukuze wenze izikhangiso zibe ngezakho, kanye nokunikeza okuqukethwe okuvela kubantu besithathu. Ngokusebenzisa isayithi lethu, uyavuma ukuthi uyifundile futhi uyiqondile inqubomgomo yethu yobumfihlo kanye nemigomo yokusebenzisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-12-2023